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s 22nd Conf. Solid State Devices and Materials (SSDM 90) 933–936 (Japanese Sociecty of Applied Physics, Tokyo, 1990). 24. Terashima, T. et al. Reflection high-energy electron diffraction oscillations during epitaxial growth of high-temperature superconducting oxides. Phys.Rev. Lett. 65, 2684–2687 (1990).25. Kawasaki, M. et al. Atomic control of the SrTiO3 crystal surface. Science 266,1540–1542 (1994). 26. Ohnishi, T. et al. Parallel integration and characterization of nanoscaled epitaxial lattices by concurrent molecular layer epitaxy and diffractometry.Appl. Phys. Lett. 79, 1282–1284 (2001). 27. Koida, T. et al. Temperature-gradient epitaxy under in situ growth mode diagnostics by scanning reflection high-energy electron diffraction. Appl. Phys.Lett. 80, 565–567 (2002). nature materials | VOL 3 | JULY 2004 | www.nature.com/naturematerials437As a testament to its growing popularity, large collaborative efforts and research centres incombinatorial materials science are beginning to appear.Notable ones include theNational Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Combinatorial Methods Center;the Combinatorial Materials Exploration and Technology (COMET) project,which is ajoint effort by the National Institute for Research in Inorganic Materials and the TokyoInstitute of Technology; and the Combinatorial Sciences and Materials InformaticsCollaboratory (COSMIC),which is located at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, theUniversity of Maryland and the Florida International University,and is supported by theNational Science Foundation.H.K & I.T.Box 3 Combinatorial collaborationsnmat1157 6/11/04 11:28 AM Page 437 © 2004 Nature Publishing Group